Peter Shirley

raytracing.github.io/
github.com/RayTracing/raytracing.github.io
Ray Tracing in One Weekend
Ray Tracing: The Next Week
Ray Tracing: The Rest of Your Life

eye / camera
image
16:9 aspect ratio
viewport =
viewport’s aspect ratio == rendered image aspect ratio
viewport: 2 units in height
projection plane
projection point
distance between plane and point: 1 unit = focal length

C++

difference between global operator and member operator

Vector

Ray-triangle intersection (PDF)
Fast Minimum Storage Ray-Triangle Intersection
How to get the intersection point? Ray Triangle Intersection C++
WebGL 2.0 : 044 : Ray to Triangle Intersection

Depends on

github.com/nothings/stb, stb single-file public domain libraries for C/C++
Markdeep

OpenGL Frameworks

OpenGL Loading Library
An OpenGL Loading Library is a library that loads pointers to OpenGL functions at runtime, core as well as extensions. This is required to access functions from OpenGL versions above 1.1 on most platforms.

GLEW (OpenGL Extension Wrangler)
GL3W
Galogen
glad (Multi-Language GL/GLES/EGL/GLX/WGL Loader-Generator)
Glatter
glsdk (Unofficial OpenGL SDK)
glbinding (C++)
libepoxy
GLee

GLFW, GLFW is an Open Source, multi-platform library for OpenGL, OpenGL ES and Vulkan development on the desktop
GLUT (GL Utility Toolkit)
What is the difference between FreeGLUT vs GLFW?

Web

WGSL, WebGPU Shading Language

The Rasterization Algorithm
Optimizing: 2D Triangles Bounding Box
When Two Triangles Overlap the Same Pixel: The Depth Buffer (or Z-Buffer)

OpenGLBook.com

Chapter 1: Getting Started
github.com/openglbook/openglbook.com

Nikita Voloboev

Ray Tracing – Links

Canvas + WebGL

How to render 3D in 2D canvas

w3school

HTML Canvas Graphics
HTML Canvas Reference

MDN Web Docs

Einführung in WebGL
HTMLCanvasElement.getContext()
CanvasRenderingContext2D
Canvas tutorial

VICTOR KESTEN

Evaluating Different Spatial Anti Aliasing Techniques

Anti-Aliasing

Kantenglättung Anti-Aliasing erklärt – Guide: Wie funktionieren MSAA, TXAA und Co.?
Best Anti-Aliasing | Different Techniques to Get Clear Images
What is Anti-Aliasing: A definitive guide
PC Graphics Settings Explained: MLAA vs MSAA vs FXAA vs TAA vs SMAA

RayTracingInVulkan

github.com/GPSnoopy/RayTracingInVulkan, Implementation of Peter Shirley’s Ray Tracing In One Weekend book using Vulkan and NVIDIA’s RTX extension.

nvpro-samples

nvpro-samples.github.io/vk_mini_path_tracer/
nvpro-samples.github.io/vk_raytracing_tutorial_KHR/
github.com/nvpro-samples/vk_denoise, Denoising a Vulkan ray traced image using OptiX denoiser
github.com/nvpro-samples/vk_raytrace, Ray tracing glTF scene with Vulkan
github.com/nvpro-samples/vk_raytracing_tutorial_NV, Vulkan ray tracing examples and tutorials using VK_NV_ray_tracing

Vulkan Tutorial

PBRVulkan

github.com/Zielon/PBRVulkan/

Quartz

github.com/Nadrin/Quartz/

FlyCube

github.com/andrejnau/FlyCube, Graphics API wrapper is written in C++ on top of Directx 12 and Vulkan. Provides main features including ray tracing.

Research Unit of Computer Graphics | TU Wien

github.com/cg-tuwien/Gears-Vk, Powerful low-level C++20 rendering framework for Vulkan 1.2, including Real-Time Ray Tracing (RTX) support, built atop Auto-Vk.
github.com/cg-tuwien/Auto-Vk, Low-level convenience and productivity layer atop Vulkan-Hpp

Window System Integration (WSI)

Qt Graphics
github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Guide/blob/master/chapters/wsi.md
Introducing the Vulkan WSI Layer (PDF)

NamePointer / carl-vbn

github.com/carl-vbn/pure-java-raytracer
github.com/carl-vbn/opengl-raytracing
Making a 3D Gravity Simulator with OpenGL (Part 1)
Adding Camera movement and User Interface to my 3D Gravity Simulator
github.com/carl-vbn/opengl-gravity-simulator
carl-vbn.dev
LinkedIn: Carl von Bonin

Daniel Elwell / frozein

The First 3 Months Developing My VOXEL RAYTRACING Engine
github.com/frozein/DoonEngine

Dr. Anton Gerdelan

Anton’s OpenGL 4 Tutorials
github.com/capnramses/antons_opengl_tutorials_book/
github.com/capnramses/antons_opengl_tutorials_book/tree/master/06_vcam_with_quaternion
github.com/AidanDelaney/antons_opengl_tutorials_book/tree/sdl2-port/

Foundations of Game Engine Development

Foundations of Game Engine Development
Foundations of Game Engine Development: Figures

YouTube

Brendan Galea

Vulkan (c++) Game Engine Tutorials

Vulkan vs. OpenGL

GDC 2018 – Getting explicit: How Hard is Vulkan really?
What Is Vulkan & Why Should Gamers CARE?
DirectX 12 & Vulkan as Fast As Possible
DCS: What is Vulkan API?
Vulkan vs OpenGL | Getting into Computer Graphics | OpenGL CUDA Interop | Cuda Education
What is Vulkan?
Should you learn Vulkan(C++)? Can beginners learn it?
Vulkan Tutorials [Deutsch]

Example

OpenGL vs Vulkan
Open GL (Default) VS Open GL (Skia) VS Vulkan (Skia) Antutu Benchmark

Window System Integration (WSI)

XDC 2019 | Introducing the Vulkan WSI Layer – Rosen Zhelev

OpenGL

Intro To Modern OpenGL Tutorial (2014)

Game Dev Academy

What is a Graphics Pipeline? Featuring DirectX 11
hat is a Shader? | Pixel and Vertex Shaders

Shader

What Are Shaders?
Writing a Shader in OpenGL
How Shaders Work in OpenGL
Vertex and Fragment Shaders – Interactive 3D Graphics
What Is A Shader? UE4 Materials 101 – Episode 1
1. What is a shader? What is GLSL? Why are they useful in games – Shader Course
Shaders 101 – Intro to Shaders
Shader Basics, Blending & Textures • Shaders for Game Devs [Part 1] (Unity)

Anti-Aliasing

Computer Graphics 2.7: Aliasing and Anti aliasing Techniques
Antialiasing – Interactive 3D Graphics

SketchpunkLabs

Fun With WebGL 2.0
WebGL 2.0 : 044 : Ray to Triangle Intersection

RuhrJS Conference

RuhrJS 2018 – Martin Splitt – Creative experiments with WebGL shaders in JavaScript

thebennybox

Intro To Modern OpenGL Tutorial (Playlist)

Reducible

Building Collision Simulations: An Introduction to Computer Graphics

The Cherno

OpenGL (Playlist), last update 2020
Welcome to OpenGL
Vertex Buffers and Drawing a Triangle in OpenGL
ImGui in OpenGL

freeCodeCamp.org

OpenGL Course – Create 3D and 2D Graphics With C++

Joshua Shucker

Planet Vulkan (Playlist)
Episode 7.5 – Graphics Pipeline Overview

NamePointer

I created my own Ray Tracing Engine from scratch

NVIDIA Developer

Arun Ravindran ArunRocks

Building a Ray Tracer in Python – Part 1 (Points in 3D Space)

First Principles of Computer Vision

Radiometry and Reflectance | Photometric Stereo | Shape from Shading (Playlist)

media.ccc.de

Introduction to OpenGLES and GLSL programming
NOT in this talk:

Clipping
Vendor Extensions
Geometry Shaders
Lightning
Stencils
Framebuffer Objects
Culling
Framerate
Tesselation Shaders
Quaternions
Shading
Blending

OpenGL

API for rendering 2D and 3D Computer Graphics
Developed by SGI in 1992
Open Standard, now maintained by Khronos Group consortium
Used in CAD, Games, VR/AR, etc…

OpenGL ES

OpenGL for Embedded Systems
Implementations by nvidia, AMD, etc.
Available on Windows, MacOSX, Linux, iOS, Android, etc.
Bindings for C, C++, Java, C#, Python, Ruby, Go, etc.
Latest version OpenGL ES 3.2 (2019)
… but anything from OpenGL ES 2.0 onwards is cool!

EGL

Native Platform Interface
Creates & Configures OpenGL ES Context (view/window/fullscreen)
Your platform might come with something else (Mesa, WGL, CGL, GLX, etc.)

Rasterizer

Describe our geomentry in world coordinates (3D)
Rasterizer projects it onto a projection plane (2D) => your screen
Geometry in projection plane are now called fragments
For each of the triangles, we figure out how we wan to color them
If we have a triangle on that surface with 3 colors, the rasterizer will interpolate the values between the colors (pixel by pixel)
Vertex- and Fragment-Shader go the projection and the texture mapping
When you render a scene, the vertex shader is responsible for taking all your geometry and transforms/moves/scales it. Then it’s passed to the Rasterizer stage that does the real projection, figuring out which vertices end up on the 2D surface (plane) => output: fragments.

GLSL Shader Language

C-like syntax
Vector and Matrix types (float, vec2, vec3, vec4, mat4, etc.)
Built-in math functions (sin, cos, exp, sqrt, dot, cross, etc.)
No recursion
Limited loops

Vertex Shader

Runs once for each vertex of each triangle of the geometry
Get per-vertex input from attribute
Global parameters: get parameters from uniform: projection from camera
Pass output to fragment shader in varying
Pass position vector to rasierizer pipeline in gl_Position (magic variable)

Fragment Shader

Runs once for each fragment of each rasterized triangle
Sets the final color for each fragment
Get per-vertex input from varying
Get parameters from uniform: get texture data from uniform sample2D
Pass color vector to fragment pipeline in gl_FragColor

Math

Vectors describe coordinates
Matrices describe transformations

Vector Operations

Scalar Multiplication / dot-product: alpha = acos(dot(u,v))
Vector Multiplication / cross-product: n = cross(u,v)

Transformation Matrices

Translate
Rotate
Scale

Projection Matrix (perspective vs. orthographic)

Matrix Operations

Multiplication of a vector with a matrix: transformed vector
Multiplication of a matric with a matrix: chained transformation

github.com/neiser/PiGLET, Raspberry PI OpenGL Epics Toolkit
Experimental Physics and
Industrial Control System, EPICS Home at Argonne
EPICS – Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System

GetIntoGameDev

github.com/amengede/getIntoGameDev

OpenGL with C++ (Playlist)
Vulkan with C++ (Playlist)
OpenGL with Python (Playlist)
OpenGL with Python – Vertex Buffer Objects and Vertex Array Objects

OGLdev – Modern OpenGL Tutorials

World Coordinate System
Local Coordinate System
Object Coordinate System
Object Space

View Transformation
Camera Transformation
Eye Transformation

Camera Coordinate System
View Coordinate System
Camera Space
View Space
Eye Space

Perspective Projection
Perspective Projection Matrix
= Clip Coordinate System
= Clip Space

Perspective Division
Range -1 ro +1 on all axes
= Normalized Device Coordinates (NDC)

Viewport Transformation
= Window coordinates (ex. 1920 x 1080)

Multiply all matrices to a single matrix
= WVP / MVP

UVN camera
Location / Position (x, y, z)
Orientation in UVN axis system
N vector = eye to world
V vector = up-vector/li>
U vector = right-vector/li>

David Parker (2011 – 2013)

OpenGL Screencasts and Tutorials

GamesWithGabe

How to Code Minecraft (GLFW & Glad)

github.com/codingminecraft/MinecraftCloneForYoutube
github.com/codingminecraft/StreamMinecraftClone

Dustin Biser

Quaternion Camera Demo – (C++, OpenGL)
Shadow Mapping Demo
GPU Smoke Simulations

Ressource

LinkedIn Dustin Biser
github.com/dustin-biser/Rigid3D (Arcball)

Victor Gordan

OpenGL Tutorials, 13.08.2021 (Playlist)

Ressource

LinkedIn Victor Gordan
github.com/VictorGordan/opengl-tutorials

Michael Grieco

C++ OpenGL Tutorial (Playlist)
2D Pong (C++ OpenGL) (Playlist)

Ressource

michaelg29.github.io
github.com/michaelg29/glpong
github.com/michaelg29/yt-tutorials
github.com/michaelg29/yt-tutorials/tree/master/CPP/OpenGL/OpenGLTutorial
LinkedIn Michael Grieco

Thomas Sheppard (Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Ireland)

Introduction to perspective projection

Build Succeeded (Direct2D)

C++ Win32 Direct2D

Ressource

github.com/BuildSucceeded/3D-Game-Engine

Pikuma

Math for Game Developers: Perspective Projection Matrix

Danakorn

Projection in Computer Graphics

Danakorn

Pythonista_

How to make a 3D projection in Python | Rendering a cube in 2D! (No OpenGL)

Ressource

github.com/Magoninho/3D-projection-tutorial

Medium

Parallelizing GPU-intensive Workloads via Multi-Queue Operations using Kompute & Vulkan

Udacity

GPU computing in Vulkan, The ultimate way to parallel computing using Vulkan API.
Learn the Vulkan API with C++, Learn the fundamentals of the popular Vulkan API for modern graphics rendering using C++!

Learn OpenGL

Advanced Lightning

Normal Mapping

TBN matrix

Tangent,
Bitangent and
Normal vector

GLEW

GLEW linking

1>OpenGLBook_Chapter1.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp__glewGetErrorString@4
1>OpenGLBook_Chapter1.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp__glewInit@0
1>C:\Users\bacr\source\repos\FreeGLUT_example2\Release\FreeGLUT_example2.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 2 unresolved externals

#define GLEW_STATIC
1>OpenGLBook_Chapter1.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _glewGetErrorString@4
1>OpenGLBook_Chapter1.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _glewInit@0
1>C:\Users\bacr\source\repos\FreeGLUT_example2\Release\FreeGLUT_example2.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 2 unresolved externals

>dumpbin -headers glew-2.1.0\lib\Release\Win32\glew32.lib | findstr /c:"  Symbol name  : _glewInit"
  Symbol name  : _glewInit@0

Tools for inspecting .lib files?
Problems with glew library and glewinit() function
About the use of glew library (unresolved external symbol __imp__glewInit @ 0)
Glew in VS 2010: unresolved external symbol __imp__glewInit
OpenGL: How to compile glew32.dll from source file

Build started...
1>------ Build started: Project: FreeGLUT_example2, Configuration: Release Win32 ------
1>main.cpp
1>OpenGLBook_Chapter1.cpp
1>tutorial01.cpp
1>Generating code
1>Previous IPDB not found, fall back to full compilation.
1>All 16 functions were compiled because no usable IPDB/IOBJ from previous compilation was found.
1>Finished generating code
1>FreeGLUT_example2.vcxproj -> C:\Users\bacr\source\repos\FreeGLUT_example2\Release\FreeGLUT_example2.exe
1>        1 Datei(en) kopiert.
1>        1 Datei(en) kopiert.
========== Build: 1 succeeded, 0 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ==========

io7m

r1

io7m-r1 0.10.0 Documentation
Normal Mapping
github.com/io7m/r1

r2

com.io7m.r2 0.3.0-SNAPSHOT Documentation
github.com/io7m/r2, Aggressively minimalist deferred renderer

Wikipedia

Kategorie:Bildsynthese
Framebuffer Object (FBO)
Vertex Buffer Object (VBO)
Immediate Mode
Retained Mode
Z-Buffering (auch Depth Buffering, Tiefenpuffer)
Rasterung von Polygonen

Microsoft Docs

Retained Mode Versus Immediate Mode

OpenGL Documentation

Khronos

gluPerspective — set up a perspective projection matrix
gluLookAt — define a viewing transformation

docs.GL

docs.GL (only OpenGL, no utility functions!)

Arcball

OpenGL Programming/Modern OpenGL Tutorial Arcball
How to implement a simple Arcball Camera
Arcball Controller
User controlled rotation with arcBall
arcball controls with Qt, and OpenGL

Mario Konrad

OpenGL: Tutorial 8 – ArcBall
Tutorial: OpenGL

Ressource

github.com/mariokonrad/qtnavigator
github.com/Jokymon/qtnavigator
github.com/mariokonrad/glua

YouTube

C# vs. OpenGL (Tao.Framework) – Arcball Rotation with zoom and pan
OpenGL Arcball Test
Arcball Test in C++ and OpenGL with a custom math library

Focal length

FocalLength to Fov formula in OpenGl
How to set focal length in OpenGL^_^
is focal length equal to the distance from the optical center to the near clipping plane- openGL
P2 vs projection plane

OpenCV Enumerate Cameras

C++ OpenCV 2.4.11: List all cameras
Add API to enumerate cameras #4269

VLC DirectShow

Python DirectShow

github.com/andreaschiavinato/python_grabber
Capturing Images from Camera using Python and DirectShow

List Capture Devices for Python OpenCV on Windows

ULARGE_INTEGER

What ctypes types to use with WORD and DWORD definitions

Python OpenCV

import numpy as np
import cv2

def show_pic():

    i: int = 0

    while True:
        cap = cv2.VideoCapture(i)

        if not cap.isOpened():
            print(f"Cannot open camera {i}")

        else:
            while True:
                ret, frame = cap.read()

                if not ret:
                    print(f"Can't receive frame (stream end?) from camera {i}. Exiting ...")
                    break
                else:
                    print(f"Frame receive from camera {i}")
                    break

        cap.release()
        i += 1

        if i > 20:
            break

if __name__ == '__main__':
    show_pic()

Cannot open camera 0
Cannot open camera 1
Cannot open camera 2
Cannot open camera 3
Cannot open camera 4
Cannot open camera 5
Cannot open camera 6
Cannot open camera 7
Cannot open camera 8
Frame receive from camera 9
Cannot open camera 10
Cannot open camera 11
Cannot open camera 12
Cannot open camera 13
Frame receive from camera 14
Cannot open camera 15
Cannot open camera 16
Cannot open camera 17
Cannot open camera 18
Cannot open camera 19
Cannot open camera 20

[
  0: 'ScopeTek DCM130BW',
  1: 'ScopeTek DCM130E',
  2: 'ScopeTek DCM200',
  3: 'ScopeTek DCM310', 
  4: 'ScopeTek DCM35E',
  5: 'ScopeTek DCM500',
  6: 'ScopeTek DCM500BW',
  7: 'ScopeTek DCM510',
  8: 'ScopeTek DCM800',
  9: 'ScopeTek DCM900',
 10: 'ScopeTek MDC140BW',
 11: 'ScopeTek MDC200',
 12: 'ScopeTek MDC320',
 13: 'ScopeTek MDC560',
 14: 'OBS Virtual Camera'
]

Linux

idVendor=0547 idProduct=4d90

0547  Anchor Chips, Inc.
	4d90  AmScope MD1900 camera

usb.ids
microscope:start
AmScope/TopuTek/ScopeTek does provide libusb drivers though, so you could make a custom application.

github.com/JohnDMcMaster/uvscada/

v4l2

python v4l2 webcam capture test
Linux Video4Linux2 API (v4l2)
How to get a list of video capture devices (web cameras) on linux ( ubuntu )? (C/C++)
How to Capture Frames from Camera with OpenCV in Python

keyboard

conda install -c conda-forge keyboard

pygame

Camera Module Introduction

anaconda.org/cogsci/pygame
anaconda.org/jiayi_anaconda/pygame

Installation of pygame with Anaconda

Conda Support for 1.9.6 and 2.0.0.dev10 #1953

python -m pip install -U pygame --user
python -m pip uninstall pygame

mikrocontroller.net

elektroniktutor.de

Wikipedia

Rest

Documentation

MediumGetting started with C++ and Android Native Activities

Wave Nature of Light

Light Waves in a Homogeneous Medium

Plane Electromagnetic Wave

Peter Shirley

C++

Vector

Depends on

OpenGL Frameworks

Web

Apple

GLUT v3

Scratchapixel 2.0

OpenGLBook.com

Nikita Voloboev

Canvas + WebGL

w3school

MDN Web Docs

VICTOR KESTEN

Anti-Aliasing

RayTracingInVulkan

nvpro-samples

Vulkan Tutorial

PBRVulkan

Quartz

FlyCube

Research Unit of Computer Graphics | TU Wien

Window System Integration (WSI)

NamePointer / carl-vbn

Daniel Elwell / frozein

Dr. Anton Gerdelan

Foundations of Game Engine Development

YouTube

Brendan Galea

Vulkan vs. OpenGL

Example

Window System Integration (WSI)

OpenGL

Game Dev Academy

Shader

Anti-Aliasing

SketchpunkLabs

RuhrJS Conference

thebennybox

Reducible

The Cherno

freeCodeCamp.org

Joshua Shucker

NamePointer

NVIDIA Developer

Arun Ravindran ArunRocks

First Principles of Computer Vision

media.ccc.de

GetIntoGameDev

OGLdev – Modern OpenGL Tutorials

David Parker (2011 – 2013)

GamesWithGabe

Dustin Biser

Ressource

Victor Gordan

Ressource

Michael Grieco

Ressource

Thomas Sheppard (Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Ireland)

Build Succeeded (Direct2D)

Ressource

Pikuma

Danakorn

Danakorn

Pythonista_

Ressource

Medium

Udacity

Learn OpenGL

Advanced Lightning