Category Archives: NIOS II

NIOS II Blinking LEDs

Clock: 125 MHz = 8 ns
Sleep: 8 ns * 125 = 1 us
void sleep_ms(int milisec)
{
    int i;
    int k;
    for (i = 0; i < milisec; i++) {
        for (k = 0; k < 125; k++) {
             __asm("nop");
        }
    }
}

int
main()
{    
    int i = 0;
    int k = 0;
    while (1) {
        k = 1 << i;
        i++;
        av_bus_write_32(HOST_REG_USER0, k);
        sleep_ms(5);
        if (i > 4) {
            i = 0;
        }
    }
    
    return 0;
}

NIOS II: Development

Windows Cygwin: Use MinTTY

Using the DOS “start” command with parameters passed to the started program

[...]
:run_nios2_command_shell
@ start "" "%_QUARTUS_ROOT%\bin\cygwin\bin\mintty.exe" -e /bin/bash -c '%_NIOS2EDS_ROOT%nios2_command_shell.sh %*'
[...]
:run_nios2_command_shell
@ REM "%_QUARTUS_BIN%\cygwin\bin\bash.exe" -c '%_NIOS2EDS_ROOT%nios2_command_shell.sh %*'
@ start "" "%_QUARTUS_BIN%\cygwin\bin\mintty.exe" -e /bin/bash -c '%_NIOS2EDS_ROOT%nios2_command_shell.sh %*'

Windows Cygwin: Use Python

if [ -n "${COMSPEC}" ]; then
    _IS_WINDOWS=1
    PATH="/bin:/usr/bin:/cygdrive/c/Python27:${PATH}"
fi

Makefile changes (create-this-app-base.sh)

[...]
APP_ARGS=
NIOS2_APP_GEN_ARGS="$NIOS2_APP_GEN_ARGS_RELEASE"

while true; do
    case "$1" in
      -d|--debug)
          NIOS2_APP_GEN_ARGS="$NIOS2_APP_GEN_ARGS_DEBUG"
          shift
          ;;
          
      -s|--silent)
          APP_ARGS="$APP_ARGS --silent"
          shift
          ;;
          
      *)
          break
          ;;
    esac
done

. ../scripts/create-this-app-base.sh $APP_ARGS

# EOF
[...]
if [ -z "$SKIP_MAKE" ]; then
  cmd="make"
  
  if [ -n "$SILENT_MAKE" ]; then
      sed 's/^$(CC)/@$(CC)/' Makefile > Makefile.new
      mv Makefile.new Makefile
  fi
  
  sed 's/$(APP_CXXFLAGS) $(APP_CFLAGS)/$(APP_CXXFLAGS)/' Makefile > Makefile.new
  mv Makefile.new Makefile
  
  echo "create-this-app.sh: Running \"$cmd\""
  $cmd || {
      echo "make failed"
      exit 1
  }
  [...]
fi
exit 0
# EOF

Software Build Tools (SBT) + create-this-app

$ nios2-swexample-create --list
hello_world_small
float2_gcc
simple_socket_server
float2_functionality
memtest_small
blank_project
memtest
simple_socket_server_rgmii
float2_performance
hello_ucosii
count_binary
board_diag
hello_alt_main
web_server
hello_world
web_server_rgmii

$ nios2-swexample-create \
--sopc-file=../../hdl/quartus/qsys/nios.sopcinfo \
--type=hello_world

Make not found

Problems -> Errors -> Program "make" is not found in PATH

Project -> Properties -> C/C++-Build -> Tool Chain Editor -> Linux NIOS II GCC4
or
Eclipse Preferences -> C/C++ -> Build -> Environment -> Add.. -> "${PATH}:/Developer/usr/bin"

Program “make” not found in PATH

Small Driver, Reduced Device Drivers

#if defined(ALT_USE_SMALL_DRIVERS) || defined(ALTERA_AVALON_UART_SMALL)
bsp_editor_reduced_device_drivers

bsp_editor_small_driver

Includes

/opt/altera12.1sp1/nios2eds/components/altera_nios2/HAL/inc
/opt/altera12.1sp1/nios2eds/bin/gnu/H-i686-pc-linux-gnu/nios2-elf/include
/opt/altera12.1sp1/nios2eds/bin/gnu/H-i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib/gcc/nios2-elf/4.1.2/include

Exception Handling

Nios II Exception Handling
alteraforum.com: Nios II exception handler

Stacktrace / Backtrace

ABachmann: Debug user space application with MMU

libc

Is malloc() and free() not thread-safe?

In addition, the MicroC/OS-II implementation provides appropriate task
locking to ensure that heap accesses, i.e., calls to malloc() and free()
are also thread safe.

GCC

$ nios2-elf-gcc -v
gcc version 4.1.2 (Altera 12.1sp1 Build 243)

$ nios2-elf-gcc -v
gcc version 4.7.3 (Altera 13.1 Build 162)

$ nios2-elf-gcc -v
gcc version 4.8.3 20140320 (prerelease) (Altera 14.1 Build 186)

Embedded News and Events: Nios II Gen2 Processor Support
Nios II GNU toolchain upgrade from GCC 4.1.2 to GCC 4.7.3
Can the linker inline functions?

rand()

Generate a random number between 'x' and 'y':

return [ x + random % (y - x + 1) }

ex. x = 2, y = 7
random % (7 - 2 + 1) = random % 6 = 0 ... 5
2 + random % 6                    = 2 ... 7

random number generator?
ucore-nios2/libs/rand.c
How to choose numbers random with C?

GDB

Place a .gdbinit in your app-directory

How to use GDB to find what function a memory address corresponds to
GDB: Getting a symbol name from a memory address

bt
#0  alt_irq_entry () at HAL/src/alt_exception_entry.S:117
#1  0x00000024 in alt_irq_entry () at HAL/src/alt_exception_entry.S:107
Backtrace stopped: previous frame identical to this frame (corrupt stack?)
info symbol 0x1201c
sys_check_timeouts + 164 in section .text
list *0x1201c
0x1201c is in sys_check_timeouts (src/lwip-1.4.1/core/timers.c:374).
369	    /* this cares for wraparounds */
370	    diff = now - timeouts_last_time;
371	    do
372	    {
373	#if PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ
374	      PBUF_CHECK_FREE_OOSEQ();
375	#endif /* PBUF_POOL_FREE_OOSEQ */
376	      had_one = 0;
377	      tmptimeout = next_timeout;
378	      if (tmptimeout && (tmptimeout->time <= diff)) {

readelf

Dive into ELF files using readelf command
what are the meanings of the columns displayed by readelf?

objdump

Understanding ELF using readelf and objdump
How to get gcc to interleave assembly output with original source code

$ nios2-elf-objdump -d -j <section> <filename> | grep -C <context> <address>
$ nios2-elf-objdump -d -j .text hcpp.elf | grep -C 30 1201c

PRIxPTR and intptr_t

Info: Compiling src/test.c to obj/default/src/test.o
src/test.c: In function 'task_test':
src/test.c:642:9: warning: format '%llx' expects argument of type 'long long unsigned int', but argument 2 has type 'unsigned int' [-Wformat=]
src/test.c:642:9: warning: format '%llx' expects argument of type 'long long unsigned int', but argument 3 has type 'unsigned int' [-Wformat=]
         LOG_PRINTLN(LOG_TEST, LOG_VERBOSE, ("lut_entry = 0x%08" PRIxPTR " idx_table = 0x%08" PRIxPTR, (uintptr_t) lut_table, (uintptr_t) idx_tabl));

inttypes.h bug leads to inconsistent warnings cross platform

Remove build-in Include Path

eclipse_include_path
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<includePath path="C:\altera\14.1\quartus\bin64\cygwin\lib\gcc\x86_64-pc-cygwin\4.8.3\include"/>
<includePath path="C:\altera\14.1\quartus\bin64\cygwin\lib\gcc\x86_64-pc-cygwin\4.8.3\include-fixed"/>
<includePath path="C:\altera\14.1\quartus\bin64\cygwin\usr\include"/>
<includePath path="C:\altera\14.1\quartus\bin64\cygwin\usr\include\w32api"/>
<includePath path="C:/src/hcpp/software/bsp/HAL/inc"/>
<includePath path="C:/src/hcpp/software/bsp/"/>
<includePath path="C:/src/hcpp/software/bsp/drivers/inc"/>
<includePath path="C:/src/hcpp/software/app/include/lwip-1.4.1"/>
<includePath path="C:/src/hcpp/software/app/include/lwip-1.4.1/ipv4"/>
<includePath path="C:/src/hcpp/software/app/include"/>
<includePath path="C:/src/hcpp/software/app/include/lwip-enet"/>
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<definedSymbol symbol="__FXSR__=1"/>
<definedSymbol symbol="__SSE_MATH__=1"/>
<definedSymbol symbol="__SSE2_MATH__=1"/>
<definedSymbol symbol="__SEH__=1"/>
<definedSymbol symbol="__thiscall=__attribute__((__thiscall__))"/>
<definedSymbol symbol="_thiscall=__attribute__((__thiscall__))"/>
<definedSymbol symbol="__DECIMAL_BID_FORMAT__=1"/>
</collector>
</instance>
</scannerInfo>

Eclipse CDT Invalid Project Path

Eclipse BSP-Project uses Nios II extensions

<nature>com.altera.sbtgui.project.SBTGUIBspNature</nature>
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<projectDescription>
	<name>hcpp_bsp</name>
	<comment></comment>
	<projects>
	</projects>
	<buildSpec>
		<buildCommand>
			<name>org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.genmakebuilder</name>
			<triggers>clean,full,incremental,</triggers>
			<arguments>
			</arguments>
		</buildCommand>
		<buildCommand>
			<name>org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.ScannerConfigBuilder</name>
			<triggers>full,incremental,</triggers>
			<arguments>
			</arguments>
		</buildCommand>
	</buildSpec>
	<natures>
		<nature>org.eclipse.cdt.core.cnature</nature>
		<nature>org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.managedBuildNature</nature>
		<nature>org.eclipse.cdt.managedbuilder.core.ScannerConfigNature</nature>
		<nature>org.eclipse.cdt.core.ccnature</nature>
		<nature>com.altera.sbtgui.project.SBTGUINature</nature>
		<nature>com.altera.sbtgui.project.SBTGUICustomAppNature</nature>
		<nature>com.altera.sbtgui.project.SBTGUIBspNature</nature>
	</natures>
</projectDescription>

Use Folding / Expand / Collapse

eclipse_keys eclipse_folding

How to collapse blocks of code in Eclipse?
Is there a way to collapse all code blocks in Eclipse?

JTAG on Linux

$ jtagconfig 
1) USB-Blaster variant [6-2]
  Unable to lock chain - Insufficient port permissions

Altera USB-Blaster with Ubuntu 14.04

# For Altera USB-Blaster permissions.
SUBSYSTEM=="usb",\
ENV{DEVTYPE}=="usb_device",\
ATTR{idVendor}=="09fb",\
ATTR{idProduct}=="6010",\
MODE="0666",\
NAME="bus/usb/$env{BUSNUM}/$env{DEVNUM}",\
RUN+="/bin/chmod 0666 %c"
$ sudo udevadm control --reload
$ jtagd --foreground --debug
JTAG daemon started
Using config file /etc/jtagd/jtagd.conf
Remote JTAG permitted when password set
No USB device change detection because libudev.so.0 not found
USB-Blaster port (/dev/bus/usb/006/002) open failed (13)
USB-Blaster added "USB-Blaster variant [6-2]"

Ubuntu 13.04 (64 bit) won’t launch Brackets, libudev.so.0
The solution of lacking libudev.so.0

$ sudo ln -s /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libudev.so.1 /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libudev.so.0

Un-plug and re-plug the USB Blaster!!!

$ jtagd --foreground --debug
JTAG daemon started
Using config file /etc/jtagd/jtagd.conf
Remote JTAG permitted when password set
USB-Blaster "USB-Blaster" firmware version 4.00
USB-Blaster endpoints out=02(64), in=81(64); urb size=1024
USB-Blaster added "USB-Blaster [6-2]"
$ sudo killall -9 jtagd
$ jtagconfig 
1) USB-Blaster [6-2]
  020F70DD   EP3C120/EP4CE115

Reset NIOS by software

Can I perform a software reset on a Nios II embedded processor?

    NIOS2_WRITE_STATUS(0);
    NIOS2_WRITE_IENABLE(0);
    ((void (*) (void)) NIOS2_RESET_ADDR) ();

Using flash memory

http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.linux.uclinux.nios2.devel/530

http://www.alterawiki.com/wiki/Devicetree
http://www.alterawiki.com/wiki/Talk:Devicetree
http://www.mjmwired.net/kernel/Documentation/powerpc/dts-bindings/mtd-physmap.txt

———

http://www.ucdot.org/archive/tb/tb20020917.shtml
http://famschmid.net/uclinuxtutorial_nios.html

http://www.alterawiki.com/wiki/Flash_Programmer
http://www.alterawiki.com/wiki/UClinux
http://www.alterawiki.com/wiki/MTD
http://www.alterawiki.com/wiki/UBIFS

http://www.righthandtech.com/embedded-linux-managing-memory.php
http://uuu.enseirb.fr/~kadionik/embedded/uclinux/mtd/howto_mtd.html
http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/4678/print

http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/Creating_a_Root_File_System_for_Linux_on_OMAP35x#MTD_Partitions

http://www.e-reading.org.ua/chapter.php/101551/211/Hallinan_-_Embedded_Linux_Primer__A_Practical,_Real-World_Approach.html

NIOS II: No shared library support

~ # ./snmpd
./snmpd: error while loading shared libraries: libdl.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

http://www.alteraforum.com/forum/showthread.php?t=14335

http://elinux.org/UClinux_Shared_Library

hsr@hsr-OptiPlex-755:~/bachman0_pa/kernel_unstable/InES/dionysos$ grep -ri flat .
config.vendor-2.6.x:# CONFIG_USER_FLATFSD_FLATFSD is not set
config.vendor-2.6.x:# CONFIG_FMT_USE_FLAT is not set
config.vendor-2.6.x:# CONFIG_FMT_USE_SHARED_FLAT is not set
config.vendor-2.6.x:# CONFIG_INSTALL_FLAT_SHARED_LIBS is not set

hsr@hsr-OptiPlex-755:~/bachman0_pa/kernel_unstable/InES/dionysos$ grep -ri pic .
config.vendor-2.6.x:CONFIG_FMT_USE_FDPIC_ELF=y

http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/Linux-For-Devices-Articles/Two-approaches-to-shared-library-support-for-uClinuxuClibc/

http://www.ucdot.org/article.pl?sid=03/11/25/1126257

http://xflat.sourceforge.net/XflatFileMapping.html

uClinux Runlevel & /etc/rc

http://www.ucdot.org/article.pl?sid=02/09/03/1357255
http://famschmid.net/linuxtutorial.html
http://www.experts-exchange.com/Programming/System/Linux/Q_25623285.html
http://blackfin.uclinux.org/gf/project/uclinux-dist/forum/?_forum_action=ForumMessageBrowse&thread_id=22799&action=ForumBrowse
http://www.uclinux.org/pub/uClinux/archive/8217.html
http://www.beyondlogic.org/uClinux/builduC.htm
http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=uclinux-dist:build-system:vendors

http://leanxcam.origo.ethz.ch/wiki/users_guideusing_uclinux

http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=uclinux-dist:build-system:vendors

http://elinux.org/Boot_Time

http://ipodlinux.sourceforge.net/build.shtml