Author Archives: te-bachi

Optoelectronics and Photonics

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  • Maxwell’s equation
  • Geometrical optics
  • Interference
  • Diffraction
  • Fresnel’s equation
  • Group velocity
  • Group index
  • Quantum mechanical concepts
  • Vectors
  • Complex numbers
  • Partial differentiation
  • Fourier transforms
  • Wave theory
  • Particle theory
  • light
  • Wave theory: wave => interference, diffraction
  • Particle theory: photon

Wave Nature of Light

Light Waves in a Homogeneous Medium

Plane Electromagnetic Wave

  • Electric field Ex
  • Magnetic field By
  • Electromagnetic wave
  • traveling wave
  • time varying
  • perpendicular to each other and the direction of propagation: z
  • position z
  • time t
  • propagation constant, wave number k (2*pi/lambda)
  • wavelength lambda
  • angular frequency omega
  • wave amplitude E0
  • Phase constant phi0
  • Argument (omega*t – k*z + phi0) => phase phi
  • Monochromatic plane wave
  • wavefront
  • Faraday’s law: time varying magnetic field results in time varying electric fields and vice versa
  • optical field
z = a+b\,\mathrm i \\ |z| = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2} \\ z = r \cdot \mathrm{e}^{\mathrm{i}\varphi} = r \cdot (\cos \varphi + \mathrm{i} \cdot \sin \varphi) \\ \phi = \omega t - k z + \phi_0 \\ a^{x+y}=a^x \cdot a^y \\ a^{x\cdot y}=(a^{x})^{y} \\ {\displaystyle a^{-x}={\frac {1}{a^{x}}}=\left({\frac {1}{a}}\right)^{x}} \\ {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{q}]{a^{p}}}=a^{\frac {p}{q}}}

Vulkan: Raytrace / Raytracing

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Peter Shirley

raytracing.github.io/
github.com/RayTracing/raytracing.github.io
Ray Tracing in One Weekend
Ray Tracing: The Next Week
Ray Tracing: The Rest of Your Life

  • eye / camera
  • image
  • 16:9 aspect ratio
  • viewport =
  • viewport’s aspect ratio == rendered image aspect ratio
  • viewport: 2 units in height
  • projection plane
  • projection point
  • distance between plane and point: 1 unit = focal length

C++

difference between global operator and member operator

Vector

Ray-triangle intersection (PDF)
Fast Minimum Storage Ray-Triangle Intersection
How to get the intersection point? Ray Triangle Intersection C++
WebGL 2.0 : 044 : Ray to Triangle Intersection

Depends on

github.com/nothings/stb, stb single-file public domain libraries for C/C++
Markdeep

OpenGL Frameworks

OpenGL Loading Library
An OpenGL Loading Library is a library that loads pointers to OpenGL functions at runtime, core as well as extensions. This is required to access functions from OpenGL versions above 1.1 on most platforms.

  • GLEW (OpenGL Extension Wrangler)
  • GL3W
  • Galogen
  • glad (Multi-Language GL/GLES/EGL/GLX/WGL Loader-Generator)
  • Glatter
  • glsdk (Unofficial OpenGL SDK)
  • glbinding (C++)
  • libepoxy
  • GLee

GLFW, GLFW is an Open Source, multi-platform library for OpenGL, OpenGL ES and Vulkan development on the desktop
GLUT (GL Utility Toolkit)
What is the difference between FreeGLUT vs GLFW?

Web

WGSL, WebGPU Shading Language

Apple

GLKit,
Metal

GLUT v3

The OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT) Programming Interface API Version 3
7 Callback Registration

Scratchapixel 2.0

Learn Computer Graphics From Scratch!
The Perspective and Orthographic Projection Matrix
Ray Tracing: Rendering a Triangle – Why Are Triangles Useful?
Ray Tracing: Rendering a Triangle – Ray-Triangle Intersection: Geometric Solution
A Minimal Ray-Tracer: Rendering Simple Shapes – Ray-Sphere Intersection
Rasterization: a Practical Implementation

  • The Rasterization Algorithm
  • Optimizing: 2D Triangles Bounding Box
  • When Two Triangles Overlap the Same Pixel: The Depth Buffer (or Z-Buffer)

OpenGLBook.com

Chapter 1: Getting Started
github.com/openglbook/openglbook.com

Nikita Voloboev

Ray Tracing – Links

Canvas + WebGL

How to render 3D in 2D canvas

w3school

HTML Canvas Graphics
HTML Canvas Reference

MDN Web Docs

Einführung in WebGL
HTMLCanvasElement.getContext()
CanvasRenderingContext2D
Canvas tutorial

VICTOR KESTEN

Evaluating Different Spatial Anti Aliasing Techniques

Anti-Aliasing

Kantenglättung Anti-Aliasing erklärt – Guide: Wie funktionieren MSAA, TXAA und Co.?
Best Anti-Aliasing | Different Techniques to Get Clear Images
What is Anti-Aliasing: A definitive guide
PC Graphics Settings Explained: MLAA vs MSAA vs FXAA vs TAA vs SMAA

RayTracingInVulkan

github.com/GPSnoopy/RayTracingInVulkan, Implementation of Peter Shirley’s Ray Tracing In One Weekend book using Vulkan and NVIDIA’s RTX extension.

nvpro-samples

nvpro-samples.github.io/vk_mini_path_tracer/
nvpro-samples.github.io/vk_raytracing_tutorial_KHR/
github.com/nvpro-samples/vk_denoise, Denoising a Vulkan ray traced image using OptiX denoiser
github.com/nvpro-samples/vk_raytrace, Ray tracing glTF scene with Vulkan
github.com/nvpro-samples/vk_raytracing_tutorial_NV, Vulkan ray tracing examples and tutorials using VK_NV_ray_tracing

Vulkan Tutorial

Vulkan Tutorial

PBRVulkan

github.com/Zielon/PBRVulkan/

Quartz

github.com/Nadrin/Quartz/

FlyCube

github.com/andrejnau/FlyCube, Graphics API wrapper is written in C++ on top of Directx 12 and Vulkan. Provides main features including ray tracing.

Research Unit of Computer Graphics | TU Wien

github.com/cg-tuwien/Gears-Vk, Powerful low-level C++20 rendering framework for Vulkan 1.2, including Real-Time Ray Tracing (RTX) support, built atop Auto-Vk.
github.com/cg-tuwien/Auto-Vk, Low-level convenience and productivity layer atop Vulkan-Hpp

Window System Integration (WSI)

Qt Graphics
github.com/KhronosGroup/Vulkan-Guide/blob/master/chapters/wsi.md
Introducing the Vulkan WSI Layer (PDF)

NamePointer / carl-vbn

github.com/carl-vbn/pure-java-raytracer
github.com/carl-vbn/opengl-raytracing
Making a 3D Gravity Simulator with OpenGL (Part 1)
Adding Camera movement and User Interface to my 3D Gravity Simulator
github.com/carl-vbn/opengl-gravity-simulator
carl-vbn.dev
LinkedIn: Carl von Bonin

Daniel Elwell / frozein

The First 3 Months Developing My VOXEL RAYTRACING Engine
github.com/frozein/DoonEngine

Dr. Anton Gerdelan

Anton’s OpenGL 4 Tutorials
github.com/capnramses/antons_opengl_tutorials_book/
github.com/capnramses/antons_opengl_tutorials_book/tree/master/06_vcam_with_quaternion
github.com/AidanDelaney/antons_opengl_tutorials_book/tree/sdl2-port/

Foundations of Game Engine Development

Foundations of Game Engine Development
Foundations of Game Engine Development: Figures

YouTube

Brendan Galea

Vulkan (c++) Game Engine Tutorials

Vulkan vs. OpenGL

GDC 2018 – Getting explicit: How Hard is Vulkan really?
What Is Vulkan & Why Should Gamers CARE?
DirectX 12 & Vulkan as Fast As Possible
DCS: What is Vulkan API?
Vulkan vs OpenGL | Getting into Computer Graphics | OpenGL CUDA Interop | Cuda Education
What is Vulkan?
Should you learn Vulkan(C++)? Can beginners learn it?
Vulkan Tutorials [Deutsch]

Example

OpenGL vs Vulkan
Open GL (Default) VS Open GL (Skia) VS Vulkan (Skia) Antutu Benchmark

Window System Integration (WSI)

XDC 2019 | Introducing the Vulkan WSI Layer – Rosen Zhelev

OpenGL

Intro To Modern OpenGL Tutorial (2014)

Game Dev Academy

What is a Graphics Pipeline? Featuring DirectX 11
hat is a Shader? | Pixel and Vertex Shaders

Shader

What Are Shaders?
Writing a Shader in OpenGL
How Shaders Work in OpenGL
Vertex and Fragment Shaders – Interactive 3D Graphics
What Is A Shader? UE4 Materials 101 – Episode 1
1. What is a shader? What is GLSL? Why are they useful in games – Shader Course
Shaders 101 – Intro to Shaders
Shader Basics, Blending & Textures • Shaders for Game Devs [Part 1] (Unity)

Anti-Aliasing

Computer Graphics 2.7: Aliasing and Anti aliasing Techniques
Antialiasing – Interactive 3D Graphics

SketchpunkLabs

Fun With WebGL 2.0
WebGL 2.0 : 044 : Ray to Triangle Intersection

RuhrJS Conference

RuhrJS 2018 – Martin Splitt – Creative experiments with WebGL shaders in JavaScript

thebennybox

Intro To Modern OpenGL Tutorial (Playlist)

Reducible

Building Collision Simulations: An Introduction to Computer Graphics

The Cherno

OpenGL (Playlist), last update 2020
Welcome to OpenGL
Vertex Buffers and Drawing a Triangle in OpenGL
ImGui in OpenGL

freeCodeCamp.org

OpenGL Course – Create 3D and 2D Graphics With C++

Joshua Shucker

Planet Vulkan (Playlist)
Episode 7.5 – Graphics Pipeline Overview

NamePointer

I created my own Ray Tracing Engine from scratch

NVIDIA Developer

Arun Ravindran ArunRocks

Building a Ray Tracer in Python – Part 1 (Points in 3D Space)

First Principles of Computer Vision

Radiometry and Reflectance | Photometric Stereo | Shape from Shading (Playlist)

media.ccc.de

Introduction to OpenGLES and GLSL programming
NOT in this talk:

  • Clipping
  • Vendor Extensions
  • Geometry Shaders
  • Lightning
  • Stencils
  • Framebuffer Objects
  • Culling
  • Framerate
  • Tesselation Shaders
  • Quaternions
  • Shading
  • Blending

OpenGL

  • API for rendering 2D and 3D Computer Graphics
  • Developed by SGI in 1992
  • Open Standard, now maintained by Khronos Group consortium
  • Used in CAD, Games, VR/AR, etc…

OpenGL ES

  • OpenGL for Embedded Systems
  • Implementations by nvidia, AMD, etc.
  • Available on Windows, MacOSX, Linux, iOS, Android, etc.
  • Bindings for C, C++, Java, C#, Python, Ruby, Go, etc.
  • Latest version OpenGL ES 3.2 (2019)
  • … but anything from OpenGL ES 2.0 onwards is cool!

EGL

  • Native Platform Interface
  • Creates & Configures OpenGL ES Context (view/window/fullscreen)
  • Your platform might come with something else (Mesa, WGL, CGL, GLX, etc.)

Rasterizer

  • Describe our geomentry in world coordinates (3D)
  • Rasterizer projects it onto a projection plane (2D) => your screen
  • Geometry in projection plane are now called fragments
  • For each of the triangles, we figure out how we wan to color them
  • If we have a triangle on that surface with 3 colors, the rasterizer will interpolate the values between the colors (pixel by pixel)
  • Vertex- and Fragment-Shader go the projection and the texture mapping
  • When you render a scene, the vertex shader is responsible for taking all your geometry and transforms/moves/scales it. Then it’s passed to the Rasterizer stage that does the real projection, figuring out which vertices end up on the 2D surface (plane) => output: fragments.

GLSL Shader Language

  • C-like syntax
  • Vector and Matrix types (float, vec2, vec3, vec4, mat4, etc.)
  • Built-in math functions (sin, cos, exp, sqrt, dot, cross, etc.)
  • No recursion
  • Limited loops

Vertex Shader

  • Runs once for each vertex of each triangle of the geometry
  • Get per-vertex input from attribute
  • Global parameters: get parameters from uniform: projection from camera
  • Pass output to fragment shader in varying
  • Pass position vector to rasierizer pipeline in gl_Position (magic variable)

Fragment Shader

  • Runs once for each fragment of each rasterized triangle
  • Sets the final color for each fragment
  • Get per-vertex input from varying
  • Get parameters from uniform: get texture data from uniform sample2D
  • Pass color vector to fragment pipeline in gl_FragColor

Math

  • Vectors describe coordinates
  • Matrices describe transformations

Vector Operations

  • Scalar Multiplication / dot-product: alpha = acos(dot(u,v))
  • Vector Multiplication / cross-product: n = cross(u,v)

Transformation Matrices

  • Translate
  • Rotate
  • Scale

Projection Matrix (perspective vs. orthographic)

Matrix Operations

  • Multiplication of a vector with a matrix: transformed vector
  • Multiplication of a matric with a matrix: chained transformation

github.com/neiser/PiGLET, Raspberry PI OpenGL Epics Toolkit
Experimental Physics and
Industrial Control System, EPICS Home at Argonne
EPICS – Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System

GetIntoGameDev

github.com/amengede/getIntoGameDev

OpenGL with C++ (Playlist)
Vulkan with C++ (Playlist)
OpenGL with Python (Playlist)
OpenGL with Python – Vertex Buffer Objects and Vertex Array Objects

OGLdev – Modern OpenGL Tutorials

OGLdev – Modern OpenGL Tutorials

  • World Coordinate System
  • Local Coordinate System
  • Object Coordinate System
  • Object Space
  • View Transformation
  • Camera Transformation
  • Eye Transformation
  • Camera Coordinate System
  • View Coordinate System
  • Camera Space
  • View Space
  • Eye Space
  • Perspective Projection
  • Perspective Projection Matrix
  • = Clip Coordinate System
  • = Clip Space
  • Perspective Division
  • Range -1 ro +1 on all axes
  • = Normalized Device Coordinates (NDC)
  • Viewport Transformation
  • = Window coordinates (ex. 1920 x 1080)
  • Multiply all matrices to a single matrix
  • = WVP / MVP
  • UVN camera
  • Location / Position (x, y, z)
  • Orientation in UVN axis system
  • N vector = eye to world
  • V vector = up-vector/li>
  • U vector = right-vector/li>

David Parker (2011 – 2013)

OpenGL Screencasts and Tutorials

GamesWithGabe

How to Code Minecraft (GLFW & Glad)

github.com/codingminecraft/MinecraftCloneForYoutube
github.com/codingminecraft/StreamMinecraftClone

Dustin Biser

Quaternion Camera Demo – (C++, OpenGL)
Shadow Mapping Demo
GPU Smoke Simulations

Ressource

LinkedIn Dustin Biser
github.com/dustin-biser/Rigid3D (Arcball)

Victor Gordan

OpenGL Tutorials, 13.08.2021 (Playlist)

Ressource

LinkedIn Victor Gordan
github.com/VictorGordan/opengl-tutorials

Michael Grieco

C++ OpenGL Tutorial (Playlist)
2D Pong (C++ OpenGL) (Playlist)

Ressource

michaelg29.github.io
github.com/michaelg29/glpong
github.com/michaelg29/yt-tutorials
github.com/michaelg29/yt-tutorials/tree/master/CPP/OpenGL/OpenGLTutorial
LinkedIn Michael Grieco

Thomas Sheppard (Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Ireland)

Introduction to perspective projection

Build Succeeded (Direct2D)

C++ Win32 Direct2D

Ressource

github.com/BuildSucceeded/3D-Game-Engine

Pikuma

Math for Game Developers: Perspective Projection Matrix

Danakorn

Projection in Computer Graphics

Danakorn

Pythonista_

How to make a 3D projection in Python | Rendering a cube in 2D! (No OpenGL)

Ressource

github.com/Magoninho/3D-projection-tutorial

Medium

Parallelizing GPU-intensive Workloads via Multi-Queue Operations using Kompute & Vulkan

Udacity

GPU computing in Vulkan, The ultimate way to parallel computing using Vulkan API.
Learn the Vulkan API with C++, Learn the fundamentals of the popular Vulkan API for modern graphics rendering using C++!

Learn OpenGL

Advanced Lightning

Normal Mapping

TBN matrix

  • Tangent,
  • Bitangent and
  • Normal vector

GLEW

GLEW linking

1>OpenGLBook_Chapter1.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp__glewGetErrorString@4
1>OpenGLBook_Chapter1.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol __imp__glewInit@0
1>C:\Users\bacr\source\repos\FreeGLUT_example2\Release\FreeGLUT_example2.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 2 unresolved externals

#define GLEW_STATIC
1>OpenGLBook_Chapter1.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _glewGetErrorString@4
1>OpenGLBook_Chapter1.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol _glewInit@0
1>C:\Users\bacr\source\repos\FreeGLUT_example2\Release\FreeGLUT_example2.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 2 unresolved externals

>dumpbin -headers glew-2.1.0\lib\Release\Win32\glew32.lib | findstr /c:"  Symbol name  : _glewInit"
  Symbol name  : _glewInit@0

Tools for inspecting .lib files?
Problems with glew library and glewinit() function
About the use of glew library (unresolved external symbol __imp__glewInit @ 0)
Glew in VS 2010: unresolved external symbol __imp__glewInit
OpenGL: How to compile glew32.dll from source file

Build started...
1>------ Build started: Project: FreeGLUT_example2, Configuration: Release Win32 ------
1>main.cpp
1>OpenGLBook_Chapter1.cpp
1>tutorial01.cpp
1>Generating code
1>Previous IPDB not found, fall back to full compilation.
1>All 16 functions were compiled because no usable IPDB/IOBJ from previous compilation was found.
1>Finished generating code
1>FreeGLUT_example2.vcxproj -> C:\Users\bacr\source\repos\FreeGLUT_example2\Release\FreeGLUT_example2.exe
1>        1 Datei(en) kopiert.
1>        1 Datei(en) kopiert.
========== Build: 1 succeeded, 0 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ==========

io7m

r1

io7m-r1 0.10.0 Documentation
Normal Mapping
github.com/io7m/r1

r2

com.io7m.r2 0.3.0-SNAPSHOT Documentation
github.com/io7m/r2, Aggressively minimalist deferred renderer

Wikipedia

Kategorie:Bildsynthese
Framebuffer Object (FBO)
Vertex Buffer Object (VBO)
Immediate Mode
Retained Mode
Z-Buffering (auch Depth Buffering, Tiefenpuffer)
Rasterung von Polygonen

Microsoft Docs

Retained Mode Versus Immediate Mode

OpenGL Documentation

Khronos

gluPerspective — set up a perspective projection matrix
gluLookAt — define a viewing transformation

docs.GL

docs.GL (only OpenGL, no utility functions!)

Arcball

OpenGL Programming/Modern OpenGL Tutorial Arcball
How to implement a simple Arcball Camera
Arcball Controller
User controlled rotation with arcBall
arcball controls with Qt, and OpenGL

Mario Konrad

OpenGL: Tutorial 8 – ArcBall
Tutorial: OpenGL

Ressource

github.com/mariokonrad/qtnavigator
github.com/Jokymon/qtnavigator
github.com/mariokonrad/glua

YouTube

C# vs. OpenGL (Tao.Framework) – Arcball Rotation with zoom and pan
OpenGL Arcball Test
Arcball Test in C++ and OpenGL with a custom math library

Focal length

FocalLength to Fov formula in OpenGl
How to set focal length in OpenGL^_^
is focal length equal to the distance from the optical center to the near clipping plane- openGL
P2 vs projection plane

Notebook Vergleich

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Neptun

EliteBook 850 G8

ARP

Fujitsu LIFEBOOK U7511 i5 16/512GB NB
Lenovo ThinkPad T15 i5 16/256 GB
HP EliteBook 850 G8 i5 16/512 GB

Digitec

Dell Preci 3561/i9-11950H/16GB/512GB
Lenovo ThinkPad P15s Gen 2

Brack

Notebook ThinkPad P15s Gen. 2 (Intel) LTE
Notebook ThinkPad P15s Gen. 2 (Intel)
ThinkPad P1 Gen 3

EliteBook 840 G8 358R5EA
Notebook Latitude 9420-1R1VD
Notebook Latitude 5420-FXD04

ARP

Lenovo ThinkPad P15s G2 i7 16/512GB Top
Lenovo ThinkPad P15s G2 i7 1TB 4K Top

ZHAW

DELL Latitude 7420 14″
Lenovo ThinkPad T14s 14″

DCM900 Digital Camera for Microscope

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OpenCV Enumerate Cameras

C++ OpenCV 2.4.11: List all cameras
Add API to enumerate cameras #4269

VLC DirectShow

Python DirectShow

github.com/andreaschiavinato/python_grabber
Capturing Images from Camera using Python and DirectShow

List Capture Devices for Python OpenCV on Windows

ULARGE_INTEGER

What ctypes types to use with WORD and DWORD definitions

Python OpenCV

import numpy as np
import cv2

def show_pic():

    i: int = 0

    while True:
        cap = cv2.VideoCapture(i)

        if not cap.isOpened():
            print(f"Cannot open camera {i}")

        else:
            while True:
                ret, frame = cap.read()

                if not ret:
                    print(f"Can't receive frame (stream end?) from camera {i}. Exiting ...")
                    break
                else:
                    print(f"Frame receive from camera {i}")
                    break

        cap.release()
        i += 1

        if i > 20:
            break

if __name__ == '__main__':
    show_pic()


Cannot open camera 0
Cannot open camera 1
Cannot open camera 2
Cannot open camera 3
Cannot open camera 4
Cannot open camera 5
Cannot open camera 6
Cannot open camera 7
Cannot open camera 8
Frame receive from camera 9
Cannot open camera 10
Cannot open camera 11
Cannot open camera 12
Cannot open camera 13
Frame receive from camera 14
Cannot open camera 15
Cannot open camera 16
Cannot open camera 17
Cannot open camera 18
Cannot open camera 19
Cannot open camera 20

[
  0: 'ScopeTek DCM130BW',
  1: 'ScopeTek DCM130E',
  2: 'ScopeTek DCM200',
  3: 'ScopeTek DCM310', 
  4: 'ScopeTek DCM35E',
  5: 'ScopeTek DCM500',
  6: 'ScopeTek DCM500BW',
  7: 'ScopeTek DCM510',
  8: 'ScopeTek DCM800',
  9: 'ScopeTek DCM900',
 10: 'ScopeTek MDC140BW',
 11: 'ScopeTek MDC200',
 12: 'ScopeTek MDC320',
 13: 'ScopeTek MDC560',
 14: 'OBS Virtual Camera'
]

Linux

idVendor=0547 idProduct=4d90

0547  Anchor Chips, Inc.
	4d90  AmScope MD1900 camera

usb.ids
microscope:start
AmScope/TopuTek/ScopeTek does provide libusb drivers though, so you could make a custom application.

github.com/JohnDMcMaster/uvscada/

v4l2

python v4l2 webcam capture test
Linux Video4Linux2 API (v4l2)
How to get a list of video capture devices (web cameras) on linux ( ubuntu )? (C/C++)
How to Capture Frames from Camera with OpenCV in Python

keyboard

conda install -c conda-forge keyboard

pygame

Camera Module Introduction

anaconda.org/cogsci/pygame
anaconda.org/jiayi_anaconda/pygame

Installation of pygame with Anaconda

Conda Support for 1.9.6 and 2.0.0.dev10 #1953

python -m pip install -U pygame --user
python -m pip uninstall pygame

Maschinen

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German English
Lineare Führungsschiene Linear Guide Rail
Gleitwagen Sliding carriage
Radialkugellager radial ball bearing
Linearkugellager linear ball bearing
Linearwelle/Linearachse linear shaft
Kugelgewindespindel ballscrew
Kugelumlaufmutter ball nut

FreeBSD 13.0 on on PC Engines APU

Leave a reply 
dd if=FreeBSD-13.0-RELEASE-amd64-memstick.img of=/dev/da0 bs=1M conv=sync

Use a FreeBSD system (old version) on APU:
1. single user mode: press 2
2. fsck -y
3. mount -u /
4. mount -a
5. passwd
6. reboot

# gpart show
=>      34  31277165  ada0  GPT  (15G)
        34      1024     1  freebsd-boot  (512K)
      1058  29359104     2  freebsd-ufs  (14G)
  29360162   1564672     3  freebsd-swap  (764M)
  30924834    352365        - free -  (172M)

=>       1  15728639  da1  MBR  (7.5G)
         1     66584    1  !239  (33M)
     66585   2064080    2  freebsd  [active]  (1.0G)
   2130665  13597975       - free -  (6.5G)

=>      0  2064080  da1s2  BSD  (1.0G)
        0       16         - free -  (8.0K)
       16  2064064      1  freebsd-ufs  (1.0G)

# mount /dev/da1s2a /mnt
# vi /mnt/boot/loader.conf
vfs.mountroot.timeout="10"
kernels_autodetect="NO"
comconsole_speed="115200"
console="comconsole"

[...]
Please choose the appropriate terminal type for your system.
Common console types are:
   ansi     Standard ANSI terminal
   vt100    VT100 or compatible terminal
   xterm    xterm terminal emulator (or compatible)
   cons25w  cons25w terminal
 
Console type [vt100]: vt100

How To Reset Or Recover Root Password On FreeBSD 10

---<<BOOT>>---
Copyright (c) 1992-2021 The FreeBSD Project.
Copyright (c) 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
	The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
FreeBSD is a registered trademark of The FreeBSD Foundation.
FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE #0 releng/13.0-n244733-ea31abc261f: Fri Apr  9 04:24:09 UTC 2021
    root@releng1.nyi.freebsd.org:/usr/obj/usr/src/amd64.amd64/sys/GENERIC amd64
FreeBSD clang version 11.0.1 (git@github.com:llvm/llvm-project.git llvmorg-11.0.1-0-g43ff75f2c3fe)
VT(vga): resolution 640x480
CPU: AMD G-T40E Processor (1000.02-MHz K8-class CPU)
  Origin="AuthenticAMD"  Id=0x500f20  Family=0x14  Model=0x2  Stepping=0
  Features=0x178bfbff<FPU,VME,DE,PSE,TSC,MSR,PAE,MCE,CX8,APIC,SEP,MTRR,PGE,MCA,CMOV,PAT,PSE36,CLFLUSH,MMX,FXSR,SSE,SSE2,HTT>
  Features2=0x802209<SSE3,MON,SSSE3,CX16,POPCNT>
  AMD Features=0x2e500800<SYSCALL,NX,MMX+,FFXSR,Page1GB,RDTSCP,LM>
  AMD Features2=0x35ff<LAHF,CMP,SVM,ExtAPIC,CR8,ABM,SSE4A,MAS,Prefetch,IBS,SKINIT,WDT>
  SVM: NP,NRIP,NAsids=8
  TSC: P-state invariant, performance statistics
real memory  = 4815060992 (4592 MB)
avail memory = 4086845440 (3897 MB)
Event timer "LAPIC" quality 100
ACPI APIC Table: <CORE   COREBOOT>
FreeBSD/SMP: Multiprocessor System Detected: 2 CPUs
FreeBSD/SMP: 1 package(s) x 2 core(s)
random: unblocking device.
ioapic0 <Version 2.1> irqs 0-23
Launching APs: 1
Timecounter "TSC" frequency 1000021804 Hz quality 800
KTLS: Initialized 2 threads
random: entropy device external interface
000.000019 [4354] netmap_init               netmap: loaded module
[ath_hal] loaded
WARNING: Device "kbd" is Giant locked and may be deleted before FreeBSD 14.0.
kbd0 at kbdmux0
mlx5en: Mellanox Ethernet driver 3.6.0 (December 2020)
nexus0
vtvga0: <VT VGA driver>
cryptosoft0: <software crypto>
aesni0: No AES or SHA support.
acpi0: <CORE COREBOOT>
acpi0: Power Button (fixed)
cpu0: <ACPI CPU> on acpi0
atrtc0: <AT realtime clock> port 0x70-0x71 irq 8 on acpi0
atrtc0: registered as a time-of-day clock, resolution 1.000000s
Event timer "RTC" frequency 32768 Hz quality 0
attimer0: <AT timer> port 0x40-0x43 irq 0 on acpi0
Timecounter "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 0
Event timer "i8254" frequency 1193182 Hz quality 100
hpet0: <High Precision Event Timer> iomem 0xfed00000-0xfed003ff on acpi0
Timecounter "HPET" frequency 14318180 Hz quality 950
Event timer "HPET" frequency 14318180 Hz quality 550
Event timer "HPET1" frequency 14318180 Hz quality 450
Timecounter "ACPI-fast" frequency 3579545 Hz quality 900
acpi_timer0: <32-bit timer at 3.579545MHz> port 0x808-0x80b on acpi0
apei0: <ACPI Platform Error Interface> on acpi0
pcib0: <ACPI Host-PCI bridge> port 0xcf8-0xcff on acpi0
pci0: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib0
pcib1: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> irq 16 at device 4.0 on pci0
pci1: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib1
re0: <RealTek 8168/8111 B/C/CP/D/DP/E/F/G PCIe Gigabit Ethernet> port 0x1000-0x10ff mem 0xf7900000-0xf7900fff,0xf7800000-0xf7803fff irq 16 at device 0.0 on pci1
re0: Using 1 MSI-X message
re0: ASPM disabled
re0: Chip rev. 0x2c000000
re0: MAC rev. 0x00200000
miibus0: <MII bus> on re0
rgephy0: <RTL8169S/8110S/8211 1000BASE-T media interface> PHY 1 on miibus0
rgephy0:  none, 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 10baseT-FDX-flow, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, 100baseTX-FDX-flow, 1000baseT, 1000baseT-master, 1000baseT-FDX, 1000baseT-FDX-master, 1000baseT-FDX-flow, 1000baseT-FDX-flow-master, auto, auto-flow
re0: Using defaults for TSO: 65518/35/2048
re0: Ethernet address: 00:0d:b9:35:88:b4
re0: netmap queues/slots: TX 1/256, RX 1/256
pcib2: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> irq 17 at device 5.0 on pci0
pci2: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib2
re1: <RealTek 8168/8111 B/C/CP/D/DP/E/F/G PCIe Gigabit Ethernet> port 0x2000-0x20ff mem 0xf7b00000-0xf7b00fff,0xf7a00000-0xf7a03fff irq 17 at device 0.0 on pci2
re1: Using 1 MSI-X message
re1: ASPM disabled
re1: Chip rev. 0x2c000000
re1: MAC rev. 0x00200000
miibus1: <MII bus> on re1
rgephy1: <RTL8169S/8110S/8211 1000BASE-T media interface> PHY 1 on miibus1
rgephy1:  none, 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 10baseT-FDX-flow, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, 100baseTX-FDX-flow, 1000baseT, 1000baseT-master, 1000baseT-FDX, 1000baseT-FDX-master, 1000baseT-FDX-flow, 1000baseT-FDX-flow-master, auto, auto-flow
re1: Using defaults for TSO: 65518/35/2048
re1: Ethernet address: 00:0d:b9:35:88:b5
re1: netmap queues/slots: TX 1/256, RX 1/256
pcib3: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> irq 18 at device 6.0 on pci0
pci3: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib3
re2: <RealTek 8168/8111 B/C/CP/D/DP/E/F/G PCIe Gigabit Ethernet> port 0x3000-0x30ff mem 0xf7d00000-0xf7d00fff,0xf7c00000-0xf7c03fff irq 18 at device 0.0 on pci3
re2: Using 1 MSI-X message
re2: ASPM disabled
re2: Chip rev. 0x2c000000
re2: MAC rev. 0x00200000
miibus2: <MII bus> on re2
rgephy2: <RTL8169S/8110S/8211 1000BASE-T media interface> PHY 1 on miibus2
rgephy2:  none, 10baseT, 10baseT-FDX, 10baseT-FDX-flow, 100baseTX, 100baseTX-FDX, 100baseTX-FDX-flow, 1000baseT, 1000baseT-master, 1000baseT-FDX, 1000baseT-FDX-master, 1000baseT-FDX-flow, 1000baseT-FDX-flow-master, auto, auto-flow
re2: Using defaults for TSO: 65518/35/2048
re2: Ethernet address: 00:0d:b9:35:88:b6
re2: netmap queues/slots: TX 1/256, RX 1/256
pcib4: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> irq 19 at device 7.0 on pci0
pci4: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib4
ath0: <Atheros 9280> at device 0.0 on pci4
[ath] enabling AN_TOP2_FIXUP
ath0: [HT] enabling HT modes
ath0: [HT] 1 stream STBC receive enabled
ath0: [HT] 1 stream STBC transmit enabled
ath0: [HT] 2 RX streams; 2 TX streams
ath0: AR9280 mac 128.2 RF5133 phy 13.0
ath0: 2GHz radio: 0x0000; 5GHz radio: 0x00c0
ahci0: <AMD SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 AHCI SATA controller> port 0x4010-0x4017,0x4020-0x4023,0x4018-0x401f,0x4024-0x4027,0x4000-0x400f mem 0xf7f04000-0xf7f043ff irq 19 at device 17.0 on pci0
ahci0: AHCI v1.20 with 6 6Gbps ports, Port Multiplier supported
ahci0: quirks=0x22000<ATI_PMP_BUG,1MSI>
ahcich0: <AHCI channel> at channel 0 on ahci0
ahcich1: <AHCI channel> at channel 1 on ahci0
ahcich2: <AHCI channel> at channel 2 on ahci0
ahcich3: <AHCI channel> at channel 3 on ahci0
ahcich4: <AHCI channel> at channel 4 on ahci0
ahcich5: <AHCI channel> at channel 5 on ahci0
ohci0: <AMD SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB controller> mem 0xf7f00000-0xf7f00fff irq 18 at device 18.0 on pci0
usbus0 on ohci0
usbus0: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
ehci0: <AMD SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB 2.0 controller> mem 0xf7f04400-0xf7f044ff irq 17 at device 18.2 on pci0
usbus1: EHCI version 1.0
usbus1 on ehci0
usbus1: 480Mbps High Speed USB v2.0
ohci1: <AMD SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB controller> mem 0xf7f01000-0xf7f01fff irq 18 at device 19.0 on pci0
usbus2 on ohci1
usbus2: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
ehci1: <AMD SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB 2.0 controller> mem 0xf7f04500-0xf7f045ff irq 17 at device 19.2 on pci0
usbus3: EHCI version 1.0
usbus3 on ehci1
usbus3: 480Mbps High Speed USB v2.0
isab0: <PCI-ISA bridge> at device 20.3 on pci0
isa0: <ISA bus> on isab0
pcib5: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 20.4 on pci0
pci5: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib5
ohci2: <AMD SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB controller> mem 0xf7f02000-0xf7f02fff irq 18 at device 20.5 on pci0
usbus4 on ohci2
usbus4: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
pcib6: <ACPI PCI-PCI bridge> at device 21.0 on pci0
pci6: <ACPI PCI bus> on pcib6
ohci3: <AMD SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB controller> mem 0xf7f03000-0xf7f03fff at device 22.0 on pci0
usbus5 on ohci3
usbus5: 12Mbps Full Speed USB v1.0
ehci2: <AMD SB7x0/SB8x0/SB9x0 USB 2.0 controller> mem 0xf7f04600-0xf7f046ff at device 22.2 on pci0
usbus6: EHCI version 1.0
usbus6 on ehci2
usbus6: 480Mbps High Speed USB v2.0
acpi_button0: <Power Button> on acpi0
orm0: <ISA Option ROM> at iomem 0xee800-0xeffff pnpid ORM0000 on isa0
uart0: <16550 or compatible> at port 0x3f8 irq 4 flags 0x10 on isa0
uart0: console (115200,n,8,1)
uart0: non-PNP ISA device will be removed from GENERIC in FreeBSD 14.
uart1: <16550 or compatible> at port 0x2f8 irq 3 on isa0
uart1: non-PNP ISA device will be removed from GENERIC in FreeBSD 14.
Timecounters tick every 1.000 msec
Trying to mount root from ufs:/dev/ada0a [rw]...
ugen5.1: <ATI OHCI root HUB> at usbus5
ugen6.1: <ATI EHCI root HUB> at usbus6
uhub0 on usbus5
uhub1 on usbus6
uhub0: <ATI OHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus5
uhub1: <ATI EHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus6
ugen3.1: <ATI EHCI root HUB> at usbus3
ugen4.1: <ATI OHCI root HUB> at usbus4
uhub2 on usbus3
uhub3 on usbus4
uhub2: <ATI EHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus3
uhub3: <ATI OHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus4
ugen1.1: <ATI EHCI root HUB> at usbus1
ugen2.1: <ATI OHCI root HUB> at usbus2
uhub4 on usbus1
uhub4: <ATI EHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 2.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus1
Root mount waiting for:uhub5 CAM usbus0 on usbus2
 usbus1 usbus2uhub5: <ATI OHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus2
 usbus3 usbus4ugen0.1: <ATI OHCI root HUB> at usbus0
 usbus5 usbus6
uhub6ada0 at ahcich0 bus 0 scbus0 target 0 lun 0
ada0: <SB mSATA SSD S9FM01.8> ACS-3 ATA SATA 3.x device
ada0: Serial Number DDDF074704EE00609569
ada0: 600.000MB/s transfers (SATA 3.x, UDMA6, PIO 8192bytes)
ada0: Command Queueing enabled
ada0: 14318MB (29323728 512 byte sectors)
 on usbus0
uhub6: <ATI OHCI root HUB, class 9/0, rev 1.00/1.00, addr 1> on usbus0
uhub3: 2 ports with 2 removable, self powered
uhub0: 4 ports with 4 removable, self powered
uhub5: 5 ports with 5 removable, self powered
uhub6: 5 ports with 5 removable, self powered
Root mount waiting for: usbus1 usbus3 usbus6
uhub1: 4 ports with 4 removable, self powered
uhub2: 5 ports with 5 removable, self powered
uhub4: 5 ports with 5 removable, self powered
ugen6.2: <Generic Flash Card Reader/Writer> at usbus6
umass0 on uhub1
umass0: <Generic Flash Card Reader/Writer, class 0/0, rev 2.01/1.00, addr 2> on usbus6
umass0:  SCSI over Bulk-Only; quirks = 0x4001
umass0:6:0: Attached to scbus6
Root mount waiting for: CAM
da0 at umass-sim0 bus 0 scbus6 target 0 lun 0
da0: <Multiple Card  Reader 1.00> Removable Direct Access SPC-2 SCSI device
da0: Serial Number 058F63666485
da0: 40.000MB/s transfers
da0: Attempt to query device size failed: NOT READY, Medium not present
da0: quirks=0x2<NO_6_BYTE>
mountroot: waiting for device /dev/ada0a...
Setting hostuuid: e200cc64-e8ce-11eb-bbfd-000db93588b4.
Setting hostid: 0x9649dd3c.
Starting file system checks:
/dev/ada0a: FILE SYSTEM CLEAN; SKIPPING CHECKS
/dev/ada0a: clean, 2807402 free (682 frags, 350840 blocks, 0.0% fragmentation)
Mounting local filesystems:.
ELF ldconfig path: /lib /usr/lib /usr/lib/compat
32-bit compatibility ldconfig path: /usr/lib32
Setting hostname: router.
Setting up harvesting: [UMA],[FS_ATIME],SWI,INTERRUPT,NET_NG,[NET_ETHER],NET_TUN,MOUSE,KEYBOARD,ATTACH,CACHED
Feeding entropy: .
Autoloading module: intpm.ko
intsmb0: <AMD SB600/7xx/8xx/9xx SMBus Controller> at device 20.0 on pci0
smbus0: <System Management Bus> on intsmb0
lo0: link state changed to UP
re0: link state changed to DOWN
Starting Network: lo0 re0 re1 re2.
lo0: flags=8049<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 16384
	options=680003<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,LINKSTATE,RXCSUM_IPV6,TXCSUM_IPV6>
	inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128
	inet6 fe80::1%lo0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4
	inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000
	groups: lo
	nd6 options=21<PERFORMNUD,AUTO_LINre1: link state changed to DOWN
KLOCAL>
re0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
	options=8209b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_Hre2: link state changed to DOWN
WTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM,WOL_MAGIC,LINKSTATE>
	ether 00:0d:b9:35:88:b4
	inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255
	media: Ethernet autoselect (none)
	status: no carrier
	nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
re1: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
	options=8209b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM,WOL_MAGIC,LINKSTATE>
	ether 00:0d:b9:35:88:b5
	media: Ethernet autoselect (10baseT/UTP <half-duplex>)
	status: no carrier
	nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
re2: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
	options=8209b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM,WOL_MAGIC,LINKSTATE>
	ether 00:0d:b9:35:88:b6
	media: Ethernet autoselect (10baseT/UTP <half-duplex>)
	status: no carrier
	nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
Starting devd.
Starting Network: re1.
re1: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
	options=8209b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM,WOL_MAGIC,LINKSTATE>
	ether 00:0d:b9:35:88:b5
	media: Ethernet autoselect (10baseT/UTP <half-duplex>)
	status: no carrier
	nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
Starting Network: re2.
re2: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
	options=8209b<RXCSUM,TXCSUM,VLAN_MTU,VLAN_HWTAGGING,VLAN_HWCSUM,WOL_MAGIC,LINKSTATE>
	ether 00:0d:b9:35:88:b6
	media: Ethernet autoselect (10baseT/UTP <half-duplex>)
	status: no carrier
	nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
Autoloading module: intpm.ko
add host 127.0.0.1: gateway lo0 fib 0: route already in table
add host ::1: gateway lo0 fib 0: route already in table
add net fe80::: gateway ::1
add net ff02::: gateway ::1
add net ::ffff:0.0.0.0: gateway ::1
add net ::0.0.0.0: gateway ::1
Clearing /tmp (X related).
Creating and/or trimming log files.
Updating motd:.
Updating /var/run/os-release done.
Starting syslogd.
No core dumps found.
Mounting late filesystems:.
Starting sendmail_submit.
Starting sendmail_msp_queue.
Performing sanity check on sshd configuration.
Starting sshd.
Configuring vt: keymap blanktime.
Starting cron.
Starting background file system checks in 60 seconds.

Mon Jul 19 22:23
FreeBSD/amd64 (router) (ttyu0)

# vi /etc/motd.template
# service motd restart

# vi /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
network={
        ssid="BACHI.NET"
        psk="<PASSWORD>"
}

# vi /etc/rc.conf
wlans_ath0="wlan0"
ifconfig_wlan0="WPA SYNCDHCP"

# service netif restart
Stopping Network: lo0 re0 re1 re2.
[...]
Created wlan(4) interfaces: wlan0.
Starting wpa_supplicant.
Jul 20 09:46:34 router wpa_supplicant[1350]: ioctl[SIOCS80211, op=20, val=0, arg_len=7]: Invalid argument
Starting dhclient.
wlan0: no link .............. giving up
/etc/rc.d/dhclient: WARNING: failed to start dhclient
Starting Network: lo0 re0 re1 re2 wlan0.
[...]
wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
        ether 04:f0:21:0c:2b:a6
        groups: wlan
        ssid "" channel 165 (5825 MHz 11a)
        regdomain FCC country US ecm authmode WPA1+WPA2/802.11i privacy MIXED
        deftxkey UNDEF txpower 23 bmiss 7 mcastrate 6 mgmtrate 6 scanvalid 60
        wme burst roaming MANUAL bintval 0
        parent interface: ath0
        media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (autoselect)
        status: no carrier
        nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>

$ ifconfig wlan create wlandev ath0 up
$ wpa_supplicant -B -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf

# ifconfig wlan0 up list scan
SSID/MESH ID                      BSSID              CHAN RATE    S:N     INT CAPS
Mrvica                            5c:dc:96:97:fb:30    1   54M  -80:-96   100 EP   RSN BSSLOAD HTCAP WPS WME
LOBModem.speed                    b8:ec:a3:d6:73:1d   48   54M  -85:-96   100 EP   HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE VHTPWRENV WME ATH RSN WPS
LOBModem                          b8:ec:a3:d6:73:1c    5   54M  -77:-96   100 EPS  HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE WME ATH RSN WPS
apk-66626                         18:d6:c7:cc:3d:90    1   54M  -84:-96   100 EP   HTCAP WPA RSN WME BSSLOAD
UPC Wi-Free                       e6:57:40:fe:5d:93    6   54M  -85:-96   100 EPS  RSN HTCAP WME
Mrvica                            5c:dc:96:97:fb:35   36   54M  -88:-96   100 EP   RSN BSSLOAD HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE VHTPWRENV WPS WME
UPC1185780                        e4:57:40:fe:5d:c3    6   54M  -84:-96   100 EPS  RSN HTCAP WME WPS
UPC736594E                        ac:22:05:2e:9a:ca   44   54M  -88:-96   100 EPS  RSN HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE VHTPWRENV WPA WME WPS
Demiri 2.4 GhZ                    e8:df:70:73:09:0a    4   54M  -83:-96   100 EPS  BSSLOAD HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE WME ATH WPS RSN
0x000000000000                    6a:6c:9a:62:dc:41   11   54M  -90:-96   100 EP   RSN BSSLOAD HTCAP WME

BACHI.NET not in the list...

Linux:
# sudo iwlist scan
wlp2s0    Scan completed :
          Cell 01 - Address: E8:DE:27:90:22:15
                    Channel:12
                    Frequency:2.467 GHz (Channel 12)
                    Quality=58/70  Signal level=-52 dBm  
                    Encryption key:on
                    ESSID:"BACHI.NET"
                    Bit Rates:1 Mb/s; 2 Mb/s; 5.5 Mb/s; 11 Mb/s; 9 Mb/s
                              18 Mb/s; 36 Mb/s; 54 Mb/s
                    Bit Rates:6 Mb/s; 12 Mb/s; 24 Mb/s; 48 Mb/s
                    Mode:Master
                    Extra:tsf=00000035e90e7b2b
                    Extra: Last beacon: 156ms ago
                    IE: IEEE 802.11i/WPA2 Version 1
                        Group Cipher : CCMP
                        Pairwise Ciphers (1) : CCMP
                        Authentication Suites (1) : PSK

# ifconfig wlan0 list regdomain
:regdomain FCC country US anywhere ecm
Channel   1 : 2412      MHz 11b          Channel   9 : 2452      MHz 11g         
[...]

So the regdomain has to be changed!!
From: regdomain FCC country US ecm authmode WPA1+WPA2/802.11i privacy MIXED
To:   regdomain ETSI country CH ecm authmode WPA1+WPA2/802.11i

# vi /etc/regdomain.xml
<country id="CH">
  <isocc>756</isocc> <name>Switzerland</name> <rd ref="etsi"/>
</country>

# vi /etc/rc.conf
create_args_wlan0="country CH regdomain etsi ssid BACHI.NET"
wlans_ath0="wlan0"
ifconfig_wlan0="WPA SYNCDHCP"

# vi /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
network={
        ssid="BACHI.NET"
        scan_ssid=1
        proto=WPA RSN
        key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
        pairwise=CCMP
        psk="<PASSWORD>"
}

Jul 20 10:25:29 router wpa_supplicant[3265]: Failed to add supported operating classes IE

# ifconfig wlan0 up list scan
SSID/MESH ID                      BSSID              CHAN RATE    S:N     INT CAPS
UPC736594E                        ac:22:05:2e:9a:d9    1   54M  -80:-96   100 EP   APCHANREP APCHANREP WPA RSN WPS HTCAP WME BSSLOAD
Mrvica                            5c:dc:96:97:fb:30    1   54M  -72:-96   100 EP   RSN BSSLOAD HTCAP WPS WME
UPC Wi-Free                       e6:57:40:fe:5d:93    6   54M  -73:-96   100 EPS  RSN HTCAP WME
UPC1185780                        e4:57:40:fe:5d:c3    6   54M  -74:-96   100 EPS  RSN HTCAP WME WPS
LOBModem.speed                    b8:ec:a3:d6:73:1d   48   54M  -86:-96   100 EP   HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE VHTPWRENV WME ATH RSN WPS
LOBModem                          b8:ec:a3:d6:73:1c    5   54M  -80:-96   100 EPS  HTCAP VHTCAP VHTOPMODE WME ATH RSN WPS
Drucker                           a0:04:60:e0:3e:fc    8   54M  -79:-96   100 EP   RSN HTCAP WPS WME
BACHI.NET                         e8:de:27:90:22:15   12   54M  -76:-96   100 EP   HTCAP RSN WME BSSLOAD WPS

# service netif restart
Stopping wpa_supplicant.
Waiting for PIDS: 3265Jul 20 10:27:29 router wpa_supplicant[3265]: ioctl[SIOCS80211, op=20, val=0, arg_len=7]: Can't assign requested address
Stopping Network: lo0 re0 re1 re2 wlan0.
[...]
wlan0: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
        ether 04:f0:21:0c:2b:a6
        groups: wlan
        ssid "" channel 12 (2467 MHz 11g ht/20)
        regdomain ETSI country CH ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 30
        bmiss 7 scanvalid 60 protmode CTS ampdulimit 64k ampdudensity 8
        shortgi -ldpc -uapsd wme burst
        parent interface: ath0
        media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect (autoselect)
        status: no carrier
        nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
Destroyed wlan(4) interfaces: wlan0.
Created wlan(4) interfaces: wlan0.
Starting wpa_supplicant.
Jul 20 10:27:30 router wpa_supplicant[3659]: ioctl[SIOCS80211, op=20, val=0, arg_len=7]: Invalid argument
Starting dhclient.
wlan0: no link ........Jul 20 10:27:30 router syslogd: last message repeated 1 times
Jul 20 10:27:36 router wpa_supplicant[3660]: Failed to add supported operating classes IE
 got link
DHCPDISCOVER on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 6
Jul 20 10:27:37 router dhclient[3678]: send_packet: No buffer space available
DHCPDISCOVER on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 16
DHCPOFFER from 10.0.0.1
DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67
DHCPACK from 10.0.0.1
bound to 10.0.0.201 -- renewal in 300 seconds.
Starting Network: lo0 re0 re1 re2 wlan0.
[...]
wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
        ether 04:f0:21:0c:2b:a6
        inet 10.0.0.201 netmask 0xff000000 broadcast 10.255.255.255
        groups: wlan
        ssid BACHI.NET channel 12 (2467 MHz 11g ht/20) bssid e8:de:27:90:22:15
        regdomain ETSI country CH ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON
        deftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 30 bmiss 7 scanvalid 60
        protmode CTS ampdulimit 64k ampdudensity 4 shortgi -ldpc -uapsd wme
        burst roaming MANUAL
        parent interface: ath0
        media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet MCS mode 11ng
        status: associated
        nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>

Atheros AR9280 WIFI not working (wrong regdomain!)
What is the correct Regdomain code?
FreeBSD WLAN und der Ländercode

Chapter 32. Advanced Networking
Kapitel 31. Weiterführende Netzwerkthemen

# pkg install bash
The package management tool is not yet installed on your system.
Do you want to fetch and install it now? [y/N]: y
Bootstrapping pkg from pkg+http://pkg.FreeBSD.org/FreeBSD:13:amd64/quarterly, please wait...
Verifying signature with trusted certificate pkg.freebsd.org.2013102301... done
Installing pkg-1.16.3...
Extracting pkg-1.16.3: 100%
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue...
Fetching meta.conf: 100%    163 B   0.2kB/s    00:01    
Fetching packagesite.txz: 100%    6 MiB   1.7MB/s    00:04    
Processing entries: 100%
FreeBSD repository update completed. 30722 packages processed.
All repositories are up to date.
Updating database digests format: 100%

# pkg install bash

The following 4 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked):

New packages to be INSTALLED:
        bash: 5.1.8
        gettext-runtime: 0.21
        indexinfo: 0.3.1
        readline: 8.1.1

Number of packages to be installed: 4

The process will require 11 MiB more space.
2 MiB to be downloaded.

Proceed with this action? [y/N]: y
[1/4] Fetching bash-5.1.8.txz: 100%    1 MiB   1.5MB/s    00:01    
[2/4] Fetching indexinfo-0.3.1.txz: 100%    6 KiB   5.7kB/s    00:01    
[3/4] Fetching readline-8.1.1.txz: 100%  361 KiB 369.2kB/s    00:01    
[4/4] Fetching gettext-runtime-0.21.txz: 100%  166 KiB 169.9kB/s    00:01    
Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting)
[1/4] Installing indexinfo-0.3.1...
[1/4] Extracting indexinfo-0.3.1: 100%
[2/4] Installing readline-8.1.1...
[2/4] Extracting readline-8.1.1: 100%
[3/4] Installing gettext-runtime-0.21...
[3/4] Extracting gettext-runtime-0.21: 100%
[4/4] Installing bash-5.1.8...
[4/4] Extracting bash-5.1.8: 100%

# pw user mod andreas -s /usr/local/bin/bash
# pw user mod root -s /usr/local/bin/bash

Bridging
Bridge ethernet and wifi
How do I create a network bridge between WLAN and Ethernet on FreeBSD?
Four layer-2 addresses in 802.11 frame header
pf and bridge(4)

Not Related (AP-Mode)
Routing between bridged interfaces
FreeBSD WiFi and Ethernet Bridging and Aggregation
freebsd: wired and wireless router with transparent bridge

# ifconfig bridge create
bridge0

# ifconfig bridge0
bridge0: flags=8802<BROADCAST,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500
        ether 96:3d:4b:f1:79:7a
        id 00:00:00:00:00:00 priority 32768 hellotime 2 fwddelay 15
        maxage 20 holdcnt 6 proto rstp maxaddr 100 timeout 1200
        root id 00:00:00:00:00:00 priority 0 ifcost 0 port 0

# ifconfig bridge0 addm fxp0 addm fxp1 up
# ifconfig fxp0 up
# ifconfig fxp1 up

# ifconfig bridge0 inet 192.168.0.1/24

oder

cloned_interfaces="bridge0"
ifconfig_bridge0="addm fxp0 addm fxp1 up"
ifconfig_fxp0="up"
ifconfig_fxp1="up"

Löschen
# ifconfig bridge0 deletem fxp0
# ifconfig bridge0 destroy




# sysctl net.link.bridge.pfil_member=1 net.link.bridge.pfil_bridge=1 net.link.bridge.pfil_onlyip=1
net.link.bridge.pfil_member: 0 -> 1
net.link.bridge.pfil_bridge: 0 -> 1
net.link.bridge.pfil_onlyip: 0 -> 1

# sysctl net.link.bridge.pfil_member=0 net.link.bridge.pfil_bridge=0 net.link.bridge.pfil_onlyip=0
net.link.bridge.pfil_member: 1 -> 0
net.link.bridge.pfil_bridge: 1 -> 0
net.link.bridge.pfil_onlyip: 1 -> 0

# tcpdump -i bridge0 arp or port bootps
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on bridge0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes
10:39:46.825905 IP 0.0.0.0.bootpc > 255.255.255.255.bootps: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from f4:6d:04:9a:35:90 (oui Unknown), length 300
10:39:47.373132 IP 0.0.0.0.bootpc > 255.255.255.255.bootps: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from f4:6d:04:9a:35:90 (oui Unknown), length 300
10:39:50.699967 IP 0.0.0.0.bootpc > 255.255.255.255.bootps: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from f4:6d:04:9a:35:90 (oui Unknown), length 300
10:39:51.131570 ARP, Request who-has 10.0.0.1 tell 169.254.27.2, length 46
10:39:51.894754 ARP, Request who-has 10.0.0.1 tell 169.254.27.2, length 46

# tcpdump -i wlan0 arp or port bootps
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on wlan0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes
10:40:31.225506 ARP, Request who-has 10.0.0.1 tell 169.254.27.2, length 46
10:40:31.477946 IP 0.0.0.0.bootpc > 255.255.255.255.bootps: BOOTP/DHCP, Request from f4:6d:04:9a:35:90 (oui Unknown), length 300
10:40:31.890022 ARP, Request who-has 10.0.0.1 tell 169.254.27.2, length 46
10:40:32.886135 ARP, Request who-has 10.0.0.1 tell 169.254.27.2, length 46

How to permanently remove default routing rule for secondary network interface from window’s IP routing table in C#





# pkg install isc-dhcp44-server
Updating FreeBSD repository catalogue...
Fetching packagesite.txz: 100%    6 MiB 824.4kB/s    00:08
Processing entries: 100%
FreeBSD repository update completed. 30726 packages processed.
All repositories are up to date.
The following 1 package(s) will be affected (of 0 checked):

New packages to be INSTALLED:
        isc-dhcp44-server: 4.4.2P1_1

Number of packages to be installed: 1

The process will require 6 MiB more space.
1 MiB to be downloaded.

Proceed with this action? [y/N]: y
[1/1] Fetching isc-dhcp44-server-4.4.2P1_1.txz: 100%    1 MiB 371.0kB/s    00:04
Checking integrity... done (0 conflicting)
[1/1] Installing isc-dhcp44-server-4.4.2P1_1...
===> Creating groups.
Creating group 'dhcpd' with gid '136'.
===> Creating users
Creating user 'dhcpd' with uid '136'.
[1/1] Extracting isc-dhcp44-server-4.4.2P1_1: 100%
=====
Message from isc-dhcp44-server-4.4.2P1_1:

--
****  To setup dhcpd, please edit /usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf.

****  This port installs the dhcp daemon, but doesn't invoke dhcpd by default.
      If you want to invoke dhcpd at startup, add these lines to /etc/rc.conf:

            dhcpd_enable="YES"                          # dhcpd enabled?
            dhcpd_flags="-q"                            # command option(s)
            dhcpd_conf="/usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf"      # configuration file
            dhcpd_ifaces=""                             # ethernet interface(s)
            dhcpd_withumask="022"                       # file creation mask

****  If compiled with paranoia support (the default), the following rc.conf
      options are also supported:

            dhcpd_chuser_enable="YES"           # runs w/o privileges?
            dhcpd_withuser="dhcpd"              # user name to run as
            dhcpd_withgroup="dhcpd"             # group name to run as
            dhcpd_chroot_enable="YES"           # runs chrooted?
            dhcpd_devfs_enable="YES"            # use devfs if available?
            dhcpd_rootdir="/var/db/dhcpd"       # directory to run in
            dhcpd_includedir="<some_dir>"       # directory with config-
                                                  files to include

****  WARNING: never edit the chrooted or jailed dhcpd.conf file but
      /usr/local/etc/dhcpd.conf instead which is always copied where
      needed upon startup.